Effects of calcium supplementation at breakfast on appetite and satiety
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The acute effects of calcium supplementation on appetite and satiety in overweight women (2012)
The prevalence of obesity has been widely reported in the past 20 years. In recent years, research has suggested that calcium (Ca) consumption could play an important role in the maintenance of a healthy body weight(1). Moreover, it has been reported that Ca deficiency may increase the risk of obesity to a greater extent than high fat diets or sedentary lifestyles(2). It has been suggested that appetite and food intake may be affected by Ca intakes in the diet(1,3,4); however, the mechanism is unclear.
The Ca significantly reduce hunger and in prospective food consumption (p = 0.07) and (p = 0.012) respectively as measured by the (VAS). In-line with this finding, the Ca-enriched breakfast also significantly reduced energy intake at the ad libitum lunch compared with PL(1006 (SEM 43.80) kcal versus 1122 (SEM 66.98) kcal, respectively, (p = 0.017). However, there were no significant effects of Ca over 24 hour compared to PL. Ca enrichment had no significant effect on plasma glucose concentrations compared with PL; whilst the postprandial insulin responses were significantly higher (p = 0.007). There were significantly lower GLP-1 levels with Ca (p<0.001). These results suggest that calcium supplement may play an important role in reducing food intake in overweight/obese womens. Further investigation in other groups would be required.
Peatbot.com: A healthy amount of dietary calcium intake is generally considered to be well over 1,000 milligrams per day. Some recommendations suggest aiming for about 2,500 milligrams of calcium per day. This can be achieved through a diet that includes sources like milk, cheese, and well-cooked leafy greens. Additionally, using supplements such as powdered eggshell can also help reach this calcium intake level.
Peatbot.com: A healthy calcium to phosphorus ratio is generally considered to be between 1:1 and 2:1 in favor of calcium. This means that for every part of phosphorus, there should be one to two parts of calcium. Milk, for example, has a calcium to phosphorus ratio of about 1.3:1, which is considered a safe and balanced ratio. Maintaining a proper balance between calcium and phosphorus is important for bone health and overall metabolic function.
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Discussion This study investigated the contributions of nine risk factors to overweight and obesity in adulthood. These risk factors were all significantly related to overweight and obesity, as previously reported (4ā12). However, after statistical adjustment, only short sleep duration, low dietary calcium intake, and high disinhibition eating behavior were significantly associated with a higher BMI in both sexes in the cross-sectional sample. In the sample followed for 6 years, short sleep duration, low dietary calcium intake, and high disinhibition and restraint eating behaviors were significantly associated with a higher weight gain and a higher risk of developing obesity.
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Peatbot.com: The calcium paradox refers to several seemingly contradictory phenomena related to calcium metabolism in the body. These paradoxes include:
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Bone and Soft Tissue Calcification: As bones lose calcium, soft tissues tend to calcify. This means that while bones become weaker due to calcium loss, other tissues, such as arteries and organs, may accumulate calcium, leading to calcification and potential dysfunction.
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Dietary Calcium and Blood Calcium Levels: When less calcium is consumed in the diet, blood calcium levels may actually increase. This is counterintuitive because one might expect that lower dietary calcium would lead to lower blood calcium levels. However, the body compensates by mobilizing calcium from bones and other sources, which can lead to increased calcium in the blood and soft tissues.
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Calcium Deprivation and Toxic Uptake: If an organ, such as the heart, is deprived of calcium for a short period, its cells may lose their ability to respond normally to calcium. Instead, they may take up a large, toxic amount of calcium when it becomes available again, which can be damaging to the cells.
These paradoxes highlight the complex and sometimes counterintuitive nature of calcium regulation in the body, where both deficiency and excess can lead to health issues.
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Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium (2003)
ABSTRACT
Recent data from this laboratory demonstrate that increasing adipocyte intracellular Ca2+ results in a coordinated stimulation of lipogenesis and inhibition of lipolysis. We have also noted that increasing dietary calcium of obese patients for 1 year resulted in a 4.9 kg loss of body fat (P<0.01). Accordingly, we tested the possibility that calcitro-phic hormones may act on adipocytes to increase Ca2+ and lipid metabolism by measuring the effects of 1,25-(OH)2-D in primary cultures of human adipocytes, and found significant, sustained increases in intracellular Ca2+ and a corresponding marked inhibition of lipolysis (EC50 ~50 pM; P<0.001), suggesting that dietary calcium could reduce adipocyte mass by suppressing 1,25-(OH)2-D. To test this hypothesis, we placed transgenic mice expressing the agouti gene specifically in adipocytes on a low (0.4%) Ca/high fat/high sucrose diet either unsupplemented or with 25 or 50% of the protein replaced by non-fat dry milk or supplemented to 1.2% Ca with CaCO3 for 6 wk. Weight gain and fat pad mass were reduced by 26ā39% by the three high calcium diets (P<0.001). The high calcium diets exerted a corresponding 51% inhibition of adipocyte fatty acid synthase expression and activity (P< 0.002) and stimulation of lipolysis by 3.4- to 5.2-fold (P< 0.015). This concept of calcium modulation of adiposity was further evaluated epi-demiologically in the NHANES III data set. After controlling for energy intake, relative risk of being in the highest quartile of body fat was set to 1.00 for the lowest quartile of Ca intake and was reduced to 0.75, 0.40, and 0.16 for the second, third, and fourth quartiles, respectively, of calcium intake for women (n=380;PāŖ 0.0009); a similar inverse relationship was also noted in men (n=7114; P<0.0006). Thus, increasing dietary calcium suppresses adipocyte in-tracellular Ca2+ and thereby modulates energy metabolism and attenuates obesity risk.
