Random, interesting studies
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@CrumblingCookie they don't make studies like this anymore...
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Some interesting stuff on pentoxifylline
-" PTX completely restored bone mass, bone strength and bone mineral properties by an anabolic mechanism. PTX has the potential to become an oral osteogenic drug for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30858147/-
https://lowtoxinforum.com/threads/some-pentoxifylline-studies.10437/post-345653
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https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/comments/1k6l3u7/pentoxifylline_makes_me_intelligent_again/
Ray Peat:
"The use of nitric oxide for treating pulmonary
hypertension is deflecting interest from generally
safe substances, such as magnesium, oxybutyrate,
pentoxifylline, progesterone, DHEA, testosterone,
and thyroid hormone, and directing attention
away from the various factors that cause the
pulmonary hypertension of adults as well as
newborns. ""Although caffeine, if it’s combined with hypoglycemia and stress, will increase lipolysis and free fatty acids, several of the methylxanthines, including caffeine, theophylline, and pentoxifylline, can protect against capillary leakage, probably by a variety of antiinflammatory actions, including inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis (Bereta, et al., 1994).”
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opinions on CDS Chlorine Dioxide?
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"At 3 weeks after tumor transplantation, the fish oil diet and the safflower oil diet had induced, respectively, 10- and 4-fold more metastases (number) and over 1000- and 500-fold more metastases (size) than were found in the livers of rats on the low-fat diet. "
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9699661/ -
CATALASE
Been looking into catalase again.
1.Thyroid hormones increase catalase.
https://lowtoxinforum.com/threads/thyroid-hormone-increases-anti-oxidant-enzymes-glucocorticoids-lower-them.49877/I found this clip of Ray talking about it very useful. Often peaters will dogmatically oppose anti-oxidants, because "you want oxidation", but as Peat says here, anti-oxidants like T3, will inhibit the random harmful oxidation in the ETC and keep the electrons flowing, so actually more, good oxidation can happen.
Youtube Video2.Catalase knock out mice experience increased lipogenesis and ER stress.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31877356/ -
Unexpected, but DHT and other androgens increase mice susceptibility to Candida fungal infections.
Giving them estrogen or gonadectomizing the mice removed those effects.Not sure what's the MoA here.
But certain bacteria increase and metabolize androgens, so maybe androgens can be used as food by those bacteria, thereby increasing the bacteria:fungus ratio.
Bacteria and fungi are constantly in competition, so if you increase bacteria you're lowering the total fungi load in the gut. That's why, if you lower bacteria via an antibiotic for example, you might get a fungal infection .
Can't think of another mechanism . -
@Mauritio
androgens suppress the immune system, estrogen cranks it up.this is how androgens (t / dht) mess with suppress it and reduce inflamation
they reduce TNF‑α and iNOS → less nitric oxide, weaker kill power
Boost IL‑10 and TGF‑β → “calm down” signals, inducing healing instead of immune responsiveness
they slow neutrophils: weaker ERK, less leukotrienes, poorer phagocytosis + NETs.
Th1 / Th17 T‑cells drop → less IFN‑γ, IL‑17, so fewer cells to fight fungi.
Net result: mice on high dht / t clear Candida badly → bigger infection.
Why estrogen (or castration) flips it
Without androgens, macrophages + neutrophils go full throttle.
Estrogen pushes Th1 / Th17 up, more IFN‑γ & IL‑17, and thus they neutralize fungi better
So ovariectomized females or castrated males plus estrogen handle Candida better
Microbiome guess
Yes, some gut bugs eat androgens and compete with fungi, but here the infection was IV and response changed within days. Fast switch caused immune modulation, and not a big microbiome shift. -
@lobotomize-me Great explanation , thanks.
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Sodium butyrate increases seratonin
: Peripheral (gut) serotonin: In vitro and in vivo studies show that butyrate stimulates tryptophan hydroxylase‑1 (TPH1), the rate‑limiting enzyme for serotonin synthesis in intestinal enterochromaffin cells. Low concentrations of sodium butyrate (0.5–1 mM) increased TPH1 mRNA expression in human EC cells by 2.5–3.5‑fold; high concentrations (>2 mM) suppressed TPH1. A review notes that butyrate in the gut lumen can activate a zinc‑finger transcription factor (ZBP‑89) and stimulate serotonin production in enterochromaffin cells.
Central (brain) serotonin: In mice exposed to chronic unpredictable stress, sodium butyrate treatment alleviated depression‑like behaviours and increased brain serotonin (5‑HT) concentration and brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. A gene‑expression study in rats showed that sodium‑butyrate‑induced HDAC inhibition downregulated the 5‑HT₂A receptor in the brain and another study reported up‑regulation of 5‑HT₁A receptor mRNA when sodium butyrate was combined with estrogen therapy (data from behavioural tests) – suggesting receptor‑level modulation rather than direct synthesis of serotonin
SB prevented behavioural deficit made by CUMS
by raising seratonin and BDNF
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26957230/Increase seratonin under stress:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18817816/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4396604/
"When mice were treated with antibiotics to deplete gut microbiota, serotonin levels dropped significantly.
Recolonization of the microbiota or administration of SCFAs restored normal 5-HT levels in the colon"
This means sodium butyrate could be the pathway, gut bacteria use to trigger serotonin production
️https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.1035538/full
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@Mauritio have been taking sr 9011 for a week or so which is a strong agonist of reverb/Clock haven't been feeling much other than increased base bpm and easier time changing my sleep schedule (which is helpful as I usually go to sleep late and now it gives me the motivation to go to sleep early)
