Random, interesting studies
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Emodin
Emodin enhances life span in C. Elegans by up to 20%.
Also made them More stress resistant.
The life span imcrease was dependant on DAF-16 and SIR-2.1. The human homologs to those are FOXO and SIRT1.
https://sci-hub.kvnp.top/10.1080/09168451.2017.1365592#Emodin activates AMPK.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23303186/Emodin protects against high-fat diet-induced obesity via AMPK
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22673833/Emodin Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Protects Against Sepsis via Promoting FUNDC1-Mediated Mitophagy
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40520006/Emodin (and other quinones) often work as an anti-oxidant.
"Emodin treatment improved redox balance by reducing ROS levels, decreasing oxidative damage markers, and enhancing antioxidant defenses, particularly in older animals."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41756681/Emodin is a MAO-B inhibitor. The concentrations necessary are not realistic, mostly because emodin is so poorly absorbed. Maybe sublingual dosing could help?
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15120460/Dare to think.
My X:
x.com/Metabolicmonstr -
@Mauritio Interesting that you regard AMPK activation as beneficial.
I myself have been at a bit of a crossroads for how to regard AMPK since from a strict Peat perspective, AMPK is a signal of low energy availability and thus stress.
Nevertheless the evidence that AMPK activation increases lifespan is clear, and the peaty counter is usually about a reduction in endotoxin due to food restriction.
Question for you: Would you regard AMPK raising substances like berberine to be of net benefit?
Thx
In time there is life but no knowledge; outside time there is knowledge but no life
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@jamezb46 question wasn’t addressed to me, but mayhaps I input that berberine activates AMPK via inhibition of complex 1 and salicyate is a “Peaty” activator via binding to a receptor I forgot which one. Though to get the noticeable doses you probably need to induce levels that are dangerous.
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I myself have been at a bit of a crossroads for how to regard AMPK since from a strict Peat perspective, AMPK is a signal of low energy availability and thus stress.
It started when I researched low protein and FGF21. I realized most of these markers like AMPK, FGF21 and Sirtuins are strongly connected to peaty things like thyroid, klotho and overall health. Like you can't strictly separate them from each other and say one is bad and the other one is good. That's the Danny Roddy trap. He simultaneously says low protein is good, while FGF21 is bad. That's an illegal chess move
Here's a list of peaty substances that activate AMPK. So either those substances are beneficial despite or because of AMPK activation. I tend towards the latter.
Question for you: Would you regard AMPK raising substances like berberine to be of net benefit?
I think every substance has to be evaluated individually. Even if something has one seemingly bad MoA the overall net effect can still be good.
Berberine could be such a substance but I haven't looked into it yet. -
DANDELION
-It reverses the effects of ionizing radiation quite effective.
Liver enzymes, inflammatory markers, MDA, testosterone, StAR are all pretty much back to baseline, with dandelion supplementation before or after radiation.
https://sci-hub.kvnp.top/10.1007/s11033-019-04939-9#-lowers weight gain, triglycerides and liver steatosis on a high fat diet, while increasing insulin sensitivity.
The affects were reliant an AMPK activation.
https://sci-hub.kvnp.top/10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.023#-reverses antibiotic resistance
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32602832/ -
TETRAHYDROCURCUMIN
THC increases lifes span in mice by about 12%
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10522-007-9100-zTetrahydrocurcumin extends life span in fruit flies
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3249455/#s2It lowered weight gain, inflammation and liver steatosis on a HFD via AMPK activation.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04624THC helps NAFLD, lowered SCD1 and FAS. Increased bile acid excretion via Mrp2 and Bsep. And changed bile acid composition.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11816436/Increases CYP7A1, a key rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol-to-bile acid conversion.
Also increases FXR receptor.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1576221/fullTHC inceases dopamine via MAO-B inhibition.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18408903/Tetrahydrocurcumin Outperforms Curcumin in Preventing Oxidative Stress
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40649742/It inhibits tumor growth in Triple-negative breast cancer
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12789769/Curcumins inhibit 3bHSD and progesterone production. Although the more saturated verion THC is less powerfull at that. Dosage seems so high that effects should be negligible.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10187107/THC increases UCP1 and adiponectin in adipose tissue
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/12/4552normalizes blood glucose and causes a marked improvement of altered carbohydrate metabolic enzymes
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16438392/Radiation protective
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10803946/ -
Cannabigerol attenuates liver fibrosis via AMPK activation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40818359/ -
Intracellular pathogens inhibit their xeno-autophagic degradation through over-expression of histamin receptor 1, which inhibitis phagosome maturation and fusion to autophagosomes by restraining the necessary production of cytosolic (not mitochondrial) ROS (radical oxygen species).
H1 inhibitors emerge as potent therapeutics, (HDT; host directed therapies) against such diseases (tuberculosis! salmonella! but also likely chlamydia and mycoplasma).This means cetirizine 10mg bid or ebastine 20mg once daily are valuable, perhaps even indispensable enhancers of clearance of such chronic infections.
The nice bonus about ebastine - hugely underappreciated in "Peat-world"? - is that its active form carebastine (activation through Cyp3A4) has recently been identified as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. This makes ebastine, which acts peripheraly (very little CNS penetration) a long-acting (half-life 14-19h), wholesome alternative for e.g. specific gastrointestinal serotonin-blockers like ondansetron.For CNS activity, benztropine has emerged as the H1 inhibitor with the best overall safety profile. It's also quite anticholinergic although I'm curious about how much so in comparison to the overpraised love-it-or-hate-it cyproheptadine. The anti-cholinergic activity, however, is essential for its also specifically promoting neuronal differentiation (in Parkinson disease or Multiple Sclerosis).
Clemastine as a non-anticholinergic H1RI, which had shown tremendous CNS benefits in neurodegenerative diseases and for re-myelination etc., has surprisingly turned out be somewhat controversial. While it widely enhances neuronal restoration, in some people it drastically speeds up overall degradation by enhanced pyroptosis (inflammatory cell death) through P2RX7 signalling in the TRAP-MS Trial. Scary.
Inhibition of H1 should be very synergistic with the positive results shown of metformin as mTOR inhibitor as shown so far in ongoing MS trials. Both enhance / restore autophagy which has been impaired by whatever cause.
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Progesterone seems to have some interaction with 5ht1a.
not sure what. but seems antagonistic somehow.
could also be that it lowers serotonin and therefore lowers 5ht1a receptor density.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12742638/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12062903/ -
Hesperidin
Hesperidin (and diosmin) increase FGF21 and lower MDA in mice.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39459367/Increases FGF21 and strongly lowers SCD1.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6180094/27% max life span increase, not bad. In C. Elegans though.
"Compared with that of the control group, the average and maximum lifespans of C. elegans treated with 75 μM Hst were extended by 16.28% (p < 0.05) and 27.27% (p < 0.01), respectively."
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11642050/#sec2-ijms-25-13148It mitigated the damage that endotoxin causes to the uterus by activating AMPK and PGC-1A.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40886876/It increases the protein level of Klotho, SIRT1 and MnSOD
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41463028/There's a lot of studies showing benefits on skin health. So I thought about making a topical solution of hepseredin. It's not very soluble in many things.
This study used 70% ethanol and it worked.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4366273/
The alcohol might be drying to the skin so not sure if that makes sense.Anti-Fibrotic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Hesperidin in an Ex Vivo Mouse Model of Early-Onset Liver Fibrosis
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12840767/
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