@haidut 👏 👍 😊

For me salt drives my thirst.

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

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Each turn of the TCA cycle eliminates 2 carbons in consecutive (oxidative) decrapoxylation steps:

IDH: isocitrate → ketoglutarate* + CO₂ KGDH: ketoglutarate* → succinyl(CoA) + CO₂

A peculiarity of the TCA cycle is that succinate and (its product) fumarate are symmetrical molecules (⇈). Since this property applies to both of them, we can tell that succinate dehydrogenase modifies succinate evenly.

The next reaction is the conversion of fumarate to malate, where asymmetry appears. Even though fumarate is symmetrical, it contains newer or older atoms throughout the molecule. Depending on which side of fumarate is primarily changed after fumarase, the carbon stay in the cycle will differ.

This gives an idea:

Alterations in Cytosolic and Mitochondrial [U- 13 C]-Glucose Metabolism in a Chronic Epilepsy Mouse Model

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I've adapted it for ease of tracing and until completion:

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Therefore, the original carbons (from a given acetyl group) aren't eliminated straight away. They remain intact on the 1st turn, and the chances of their complete elimination appear to be:

50% on the 3rd turn 25% on the 4th turn 12.5% on the 5th turn 6.25% on the 6th turn ...

*Ketoglutarates:

2-oxoglutarate = a-ketoglutarate 3-oxoglutarate = b-ketoglutarate

Alpha refers to the second carbon because the first is the crapoxyl group, that's disconsidered in counting (similar to beta-oxidation).

Urine Organic Acids as Potential Biomarkers for Autism-Spectrum Disorder in Chinese Children

"[..]3-oxoglutarate, a common metabolite of yeast and fungi (Thomas et al., 2010; MacFabe et al., 2011; Kocovska et al., 2012), was significantly lower in children with autism. The low concentrations of both carboxycitric acid and 3-oxoglutarate that we observed in urine from autistic patients could be due to increased uptake of these compounds across the blood-brain barrier of the brain. Our results are consistent with previous studies that showed anti-fungal treatments for children with autism can effectively reduce the amounts of corresponding organic acid indicators (Cobb and Cobb, 2010), and suggests that gastrointestinal yeast could provide a basis for dietary adjustments such as gluten/casein-free diets that are important for children’s nervous system development and could mitigate autism symptoms. 3-oxoglutarate in urine is associated with the presence of harmful gut flora such as Candida albicans (Schmidt, 1994)."

It's fine to omit the 'alpha' prefix from ketoglutarate for the same reason that we only need to clarify which Paris we're going to when it's not the one in France.

Inhibition of gut-derived serotonin synthesis: a potential bone anabolic treatment

Abstract

Osteoporosis is a low bone mass disease most often caused by an increase in bone resorption not compensated by a similar hike in bone formation1. Since gut–derived serotonin (GDS) inhibits bone formation2, we asked whether hampering its biosynthesis could treat osteoporosis through an anabolic mechanism. To that end we synthesized and used LP533401, a small molecule inhibitor of Tph1, the initial enzyme in GDS biosynthesis. Oral administration once daily for up to 6 weeks of this small molecule prevents the development of and fully rescues, in a dose–dependent manner, osteoporosis in ovariectomized rodents because of an isolated increase in bone formation. These results provide a proof of principle that inhibiting GDS biosynthesis could become a novel anabolic treatment for osteoporosis.

Or for the non-pharmaceutical approach:

Peatbot: To lower gut serotonin, you can consider the following strategies based on the provided context:

Avoid Foods Containing Fermentable Fibers and Starches: These include grains, beans, and other seeds that resist quick digestion and can promote intestinal irritation, leading to increased serotonin production.

Consume Fibrous Foods with Antibacterial Properties: Foods such as bamboo shoots and raw carrots contain antibacterial chemicals that help reduce endotoxin and serotonin levels in the gut.

Use Activated Charcoal: Activated charcoal can absorb many toxins, including bacterial endotoxin, which is likely to reduce serotonin absorption from the intestine. However, it should be used intermittently as it can also bind or destroy vitamins.

Consider Theanine Supplementation: Theanine, an amino acid found in tea, has been reported to decrease the amount of serotonin in the brain by decreasing its synthesis and increasing its degradation.

Supplement with Progesterone, Thyroid, and Niacinamide: These substances can help reduce serotonin formation and/or accelerate its elimination. Niacinamide, in particular, seems to increase serotonin uptake.

Address Hypothyroidism: Since hypothyroidism is a common cause of increased serotonin, supplementing thyroid hormone until symptoms are resolved can help normalize serotonin levels.

By implementing these strategies, you may be able to lower gut serotonin and mitigate its associated effects.

I get mine from L-reuteri (see) and I have not had any negative side effects.

Store bought mushrooms are most likely grown in manure contaminated with waste from industrial processing of cattle and the like.

Though this study used supplementing it still jibes with what we've heard previously, that unsaturated fats don't provide the same satiety as most of the saturated ones. If your food isn't making you "feel full" then you might simply eat more of it.

On another related note, who else here has read that a spoonful of beef tallow 10 or 20 minutes before a meal would result in quicker satiety and eating less?

Interesting study btw, will pass it on, thank you for linking.

Beneficial bacteria inhibit cachexia

Muscle wasting, known as cachexia, is a debilitating condition associated with chronic inflammation such as during cancer. Beneficial microbes have been shown to optimize systemic inflammatory tone during good health; however, interactions between microbes and host immunity in the context of cachexia are incompletely understood. Here we use mouse models to test roles for bacteria in muscle wasting syndromes. We find that feeding of a human commensal microbe, Lactobacillus reuteri, to mice is sufficient to lower systemic indices of inflammation and inhibit cachexia.

@questforhealth2

oh wait you mentioned that i wasnt paying attention

@Hando-Jin yeah it was just the flu bro. /s

@wester130 Niacin reduces inflammation and helps heal wounds. The flush is histamine release. It increases blood flow, which would logically be beneficial to hair growth. Have you ever taken it? I actually think the flush feels really good, and you have an extreme sense of well being and calmness after.

@LiftWaffe88 Your favorite painter would have presided over the same purported degeneration in the populace which is why i find your comment really funny against the backdrop of your banner and forum persona.

@thyroidchor27

I don't see a problem with a little olive oil, but if you want to tip the scales to the "peaty side", macadamia is probably a better option due to the Oleic:Linoleic ratio.