Now here's something controversial and interesting from Cell:
To take probiotics post-antibiotic treatment can will inhibit restoration of one's microbiome in contrast to simply letting things run its course without any post-antibiotic intervention (if one's lucky enough to not get a CDI, of course. Yet the course for that may have been set already during Abx treatment, we don't really know if probiotics after Abx can rescue that).
A much more effective could be "autologous fecal matter transplant". No foreign donor required.
Collecting, filtering, liquefying and freezing one's pre-antibiotic healthy microbiome and using this once on day 0 after antibiotic treatment.
Like in hamsters: Eating your own shit. This enriches the (mostly preserved) endogenous microbiome reserves and puts them back from the end to the more proximal parts of the digestive system.
Post-Antibiotic Gut Mucosal Microbiome Reconstitution Is Impaired by Probiotics and Improved by Autologous FMT, 2018
Compared to spontaneous post-antibiotic recovery, probiotics induced a markedly delayed and persistently incomplete indigenous stool/mucosal microbiome reconstitution and host transcriptome recovery toward homeostatic configuration, while aFMT induced a rapid and near-complete recovery within days of administration.
In rodent experiments, the degree of mucosal colonization with human-specific probiotics even after antibiotic pretreatment was los. Pointing yet again to a huge importance of specifity between host species and strain.
I.e. rodent studies for testing probiotic benefits in humans are quite garbage?
The study went on to human volunteers with the same and apparently very reasonable 11-strain Lactobacillus + Bifidobacterium probiotic blend ("Supherb Bio-25", 25 billion CFU twice daily):
Following antibiotic treatment, seven participants were followed by watchful waiting for spontaneous microbiome reconstitution, six participants received aFMT (STAR Methods), and eight participants received the aforementioned 11-strain probiotics preparation administered bi-daily for a period of 4 weeks (Figure 3A).
participants from the aFMT arm received an intrajejunal infusion of 150 ml of processed and liquefied stool (on day 0), which had been obtained from the participant prior to the antibiotics therapy
In the spontaneous recovery group, significant differences in stool composition compared to baseline abated within 21 days of antibiotics cessation (Figure 4B). In contrast, probiotics-consuming individuals did not return to their baseline stool microbiome configuration by the end of the intervention period (day 28), and dysbiosis was maintained even 5 months after probiotics cessation, with all stool samples collected through day 180 remaining significantly different from baseline
dun- dun dun dun.
And here's another interesting find from nature microbiology, where they blasted volunteers with the three "last-resort" antibiotics meropenem, gentamicin and vancomycin:
Recovery of gut microbiota of healthy adults following antibiotic exposure, 2018
The gut microbiota of the subjects recovered to near-baseline composition within 1.5 months, although 9 common species, which were present in all subjects before the treatment, remained undetectable in most of the subjects after 180 days.
That latter part sort of negates the first statement, doesn't it?
Finally, some species detected at D0 were not detected again within the study time frame.
These included: (1) members of genus Bifidobacterium that are considered pathogen-protective and immunostimulatory;
2) butyrate producers such as Coprococcus eutactus and Eubacterium ventriosum and
(3) methane-producing Methanobrevibacter smithii associated with the efficient digestion of polysaccharides.
Remarkably, only two F. prausnitzii strains were able to recover by D180, another six could not recover through the study period (Supplementary Fig. 3), reflecting the different recovery capacities between conspecific strains.
