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  • Scientific papers, books, blog posts. Discussion of whatever you find interesting and notable.

    715 Topics
    5k Posts
    AlphaZanceA
    It is intuitive to assume that double bonds make a molecule vulnerable to lipid peroxidation—after all, unsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes are the primary targets of oxidative damage. However, in tocotrienols, the unsaturated tail does not create this vulnerability because of where the antioxidant activity occurs and how its double bonds are structured. The Head Group (Chromanol Ring) Does the Antioxidant Work Vitamin E's capacity to halt lipid peroxidation resides entirely in its chromanol ring (the "head" of the molecule), not its hydrocarbon tail. A lipid peroxyl radical (LOO•) attacks cell membrane lipids. The phenolic hydroxyl group (-OH) on the chromanol ring donates a hydrogen atom to quench the radical: LOO• + Toc-OH -> LOOH + Toc-O• The resulting tocotrienoxyl radical (Toc-O•) is resonance-stabilized across the chromanol ring, rendering it too unreactive to continue the destructive oxidation chain reaction. Because hydrogen donation happens exclusively at the chromanol ring, the tail's saturation state does not alter the fundamental antioxidant mechanism. Isoprenoid Double Bonds vs. PUFA Double Bonds The main reason unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) like linoleic or arachidonic acid undergo rapid lipid peroxidation is the presence of bis-allylic methylene carbons—a single carbon with two hydrogen atoms situated directly between two double bonds (-CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-). The C–H bond on a bis-allylic carbon is exceptionally weak, making it easy for free radicals to steal a hydrogen and trigger auto-oxidation. Tocotrienols do not have bis-allylic carbons: Their tail consists of isoprenoid units where double bonds are separated by two single bonds (-CH=C(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-). Lacking bis-allylic hydrogens, the C–H bond strength in the tocotrienol tail remains high. Consequently, the isoprenoid tail is resistant to free radical abstraction under physiological conditions. The Unsaturated Tail Actually Improves Antioxidant Performance Rather than causing a conflict, the three double bonds in the isoprenoid tail give tocotrienols a significant biochemical advantage over saturated α-tocopherol: Superior Membrane Mobility: The double bonds introduce kinks that prevent tight packing within the phospholipid bilayer. This allows tocotrienols to rotate and laterally diffuse through membrane lipids up to 40 to 60 times faster than saturated tocopherols. Higher Collision Frequency: Because it moves much faster through the membrane, a single tocotrienol molecule collides with—and neutralizes—membrane lipid radicals far more frequently. Easier Recycling: The increased fluidity allows the chromanol head group to stay closer to the membrane-water interface, where cytosolic antioxidants (like Vitamin C and glutathione) can rapidly reduce the tocotrienoxyl radical back into its active antioxidant form. When we think of unsaturated fats going rancid (peroxidizing), we are usually thinking of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) like omega-3s or omega-6s. PUFAs contain "bis-allylic" methylene carbons—carbon atoms sitting directly between two cis-double bonds. The hydrogen atoms on these specific carbons are incredibly loosely bound and easily stolen by free radicals. In contrast, the unsaturated tail of a tocotrienol is an isoprenoid chain featuring trans-double bonds that lack these highly vulnerable bis-allylic positions. Therefore, the tail of a tocotrienol is chemically much more stable and resistant to free radical attacks than the membrane lipids it is trying to protect. Key Mechanisms in Liver Protection Tocotrienols target multiple pathways involved in liver cell damage and lipid accumulation: Mechanism Biological Target Clinical Outcome Antioxidant Action Quenches reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hepatocyte mitochondria Halts lipid peroxidation and protects cell membranes from oxidative damage. Lipid Regulation Downregulates HMG-CoA reductase (the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis) Helps suppress intrahepatic triglyceride synthesis and improve dyslipidemia. Anti-Inflammatory Suppresses NF-κB signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) Reduces hepatic inflammation and attenuates progression to steatohepatitis. Anti-Fibrotic Inhibits hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation Decreases collagen and extracellular matrix deposition, lowering liver stiffness. Clinical Evidence & Human Trials Clinical studies—primarily utilizing Bio-enhanced Palm Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction (TRF) or pure δ-tocotrienol—highlight several key therapeutic outcomes: Steatosis Remission: In double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of patients with ultrasound-proven fatty liver, 1 year of bio-enhanced tocotrienol supplementation led to a significant reduction in liver fat deposition, with up to 50% of treated individuals achieving full remission of MASLD/NAFLD. Reduction in Liver Stiffness: Transient elastography (FibroScan) measurements demonstrate that tocotrienols combined with lifestyle modifications reduce liver stiffness roughly 4 times more effectively than lifestyle modifications alone, indicating a slowing or reversal of early hepatic fibrosis. Enzyme & Biomarker Improvement: Supplementation consistently lowers elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, along with reducing systemic markers of oxidative stress such as malondialdehyde. Support in Advanced Liver Failure: In patients with end-stage liver disease, tocotrienol complex administration showed positive trends in improving Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores compared to standard α-tocopherol. Dietary Sources & Bioavailability Tocotrienols occur naturally in specific plant matrices: Annatto seeds: Composed almost exclusively of δ-tocotrienols and γ-tocotrienols (tocopherol-free). Palm oil: Rich in a natural mix of α-, γ-, and δ-tocotrienols alongside α-tocopherol. Rice bran & Barley oil: Contain moderate concentrations of tocotrienol isomers. Because raw tocotrienols have variable intestinal absorption when taken on an empty stomach, clinical studies typically use bio-enhanced (self-emulsifying) formulations or advise taking supplements alongside fat-containing meals to optimize systemic bioavailability and hepatic uptake.
  • Websites, newsletters, articles, podcasts, interviews, explainers, books, and other resources that relate to the work of Dr. Raymond Peat.

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    C
    Cancer Treatments – from Research to Application MCS Foundations for Life, In memory of my dear wife Mihaela Catalina Stanciu https://www.cancertreatmentsresearch.com/ https://jeffreydachmd.com/cancer-articles/
  • Do you have a question? You can post it here, but you will only receive unqualified personal opinions and NOT medical advice in any shape or form. If something seems like medical advice but it's posted in this category, it's actually a personal opinion.

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    LucHL
    *) Additional info Vit E: sparing effect and recycling (In French; translator needed) http://mirzoune-ciboulette.forumactif.org/t30-vitamine-e-plus-qu-une-vitamine#60 "Vitamin C regenerates vitamin E, and vitamin E protects β-carotene—a process aided by polyphenols. With β-carotene supplementation, vitamin C regenerates both vitamin E and β-carotene, and β-carotene appears to protect vitamin E, although the actual mechanism behind this phenomenon remains unexplained." Savings effect Vitamin E is not just a vitamin. Vitamin C makes it possible to recycle oxidized vitamin E and thus prolong its lifespan. The same goes with glutathione which is thus saved for other more useful functions (detox). Glutathion is our antioxidant master. Vitamin E protects against the deleterious effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids when the latter are excess. And this is quickly done! English corner: How Does Vit E Regulate Redox interactions? Breaking the ROS chain-reaction from PUFA https://mirzoune-ciboulette.forumactif.org/t2081-english-corner-how-does-vit-e-regulate-redox-interactions#29973 RP advised 100 UI Vit E (+/ 150 mg) though our requirement increases with age, as our tissue iron stores increase… Since vitamin E has a half-life of about 48 hours, it could be advisable to take 75 IU - 100 IU orally when there suspicion of Sars-Cov-2. This study also found that alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) was about 100-fold more potent/effective than Remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses! https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210715/Water-soluble-vitamin-E-compounds-directly-inhibit-SARS-CoV-2-replication-and-synergize-with-remdesivir.aspx NB: vitamin E appear to be one of the substances having the ability to inhibit the proliferation / replication as well as the infection once it has already occurred. So do zinc, glycine, naringening, quinine and vitamin D. Too much of a good thing is bad There no real danger with high dose vitamin E. But high repeated doses of vitamin E inhibit platelet aggregation. Need to be compensate with K1. Not taken at the same meal (transporters). Alpha-tocopherol is preferably stocked in the liver. (Kayden and Traber, 1993; Traber et al., 1990). Every 72 hours would be fine with 400 UI (at least 2 toco). 20-25 UI are needed per day, according to Chris Masterjohn. Note: As the mechanism by which phylloquinone (K1) is converted to K2 MK-4 is unknown, we cannot readily speculate how vitamin E supplementation influences the concentrations of these forms of vitamin K in extrahepatic tissue. While it is plausible that less MK-4 is produced because vitamin E supplementation reduces phylloquinone as a substrate in the extrahepatic tissue, vitamin E may also decrease MK-4 concentrations independently of phylloquinone. NB: Vit E and K use the same transporter. So don’t take these supplements at the same time. More info on Vit E https://mirzoune-ciboulette.forumactif.org/t30-vitamine-e-plus-qu-une-vitamine#60 Excerpt 1 (translator needed, in French): Most studies show a beginning of preventive efficiency at doses of 100 IU /d in degenerative diseases. Braking of oxidative stress which is underlying the phenomena of senescence and the appearance of all degenerative pathologies: cardiovascular, cancers, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, presbyacousis, cataract, macular degeneration, Parkinson and Alzheimer's diseases, etc… Excerpt 2: Optimal contribution, without pathology, if under 40 years old: 100 IU per day. Contribution in case of supplementation in polyunsaturated fatty acids 100 IU per gram of EPA. - Therapeutic contribution: 400 - 500 IU every 5 days. Mg/ UI conversion: 100 mg = 150 IU. Personally, it’s 400 UI mixed toco every 3 days (+/ twice a week). 3x if inflammation. Now Foods – E 400 – with mixed tocopherols. Softgels. + Once a week K1 (mix K1 and K2). Vit K2 MK7 must be encapsulated (oxidation).
  • From medical devices to supplements. Red lights, CO2 tanks, large trash bags, kuinone, and more.

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    LejebocaL
    I managed to get the device before the price hike and with a bit of a discount. Now I use it daily. Still just for a few minutes at about 3% of CO₂. Noticed better sleep (remember dreams better and consistently get about 7 hours of sleep). Inhaling CO₂ also helped clear my migraine. (It was a mild, albeit annoying, case of migraine.) Here is an interesting paper on the CO₂ for migraines: STUDIES ON HEADACHE1. Effects of Carbon Dioxide—Oxygen Mixtures Given During Preheadache Phase of the Migraine Attack 2. Further Analysis of the Pain Mechanisms in Headache From the Summary and Conclusions section: A series of patients were given a 10 per cent carbon dioxide-90 per cent oxygen mixture by face mask during the preheadache or early headache phase. This mixture abolished the preheadache phenomena and aborted the headache in most of the trials. Ten per cent carbon dioxide in air was less effective, having a shorter and more transient effect.
  • Recipes, food, meal prep, brands. Discuss them all here.

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    MossyM
    @Jennifer You're welcome.  I can't help but reference these authors that have been such an influence on my me.  I stress again, I know everyone is different, in that the paths we've been on have us favoring different voices and styles, though I believe truth is truth, which survives above style and preference.  At the least, a truth discovered, even from an author who is not preferred, could lead us deeper into a subject, searching out an author we do prefer, who speaks to us better.  I do like archive.org.  I used to use them quite a bit, but then I got spoiled with how cheap some ebooks have become, and how the formatting allows for ease of use.  But, I will give this to the PDF format, you get the images of the original pages of books, which gives you some of that physical book quality, which can't be replicated in a full digital format.  I actually used to prefer the PDF for this reason, but now I can't resist the ease of full digital format.  Though, I will still go to archive.org for books not yet available as an ebook. Your religious history is very common, having touched upon various aspects of Faith through family, and educational institutions.  That's all of us, really; which is Lewis's story as well, until he became fully immersed. I do like the Alexandre brand very much.  I think there is hardly a better brand available for dairy, at least at a chain store.  Kalona is a good brand too, but like Alexandre, expensive.  Okay, so Nounos is cheaper, comparatively. So, you were basically making Greek yogurt from the regular versions, by straining it?  I never thought to do that, but can definitely see how that is costly. Yeah, stress is brutal on our health.  I can see how your mother's passing was hard.  Interesting, but kind of understandable, how plant-based foods were hard on your thyroid. When I was at my worst, raw foods were hard on me.  Maybe my correlation is off, but the strong natural defenses of plants, and especially with raw, seem the culprit.  Though, even as I type this, I remember raw juices made me feel good.  Maybe the juicing broke down those defenses.  This is my bro-science ...something worked by juicing them!  I have tried olive oil based D3.  A very lean version, with the only ingredient listed besides the D3 (cholecalciferol) being olive oil.  And strangely, I still had issues with it.  I've tried so many different versions. I forget which was the most temporarily tolerable — which is the only possible scenario for me.  I can take nothing long term, and I really can't remember a vitamin D supplement that didn't make me sick for at least a week...haha.  Funny stuff.  I may go back to putting mushrooms out in the sun, but there isn't really a way to know the true potency, though it would still be more than I'm getting.  Most of all, though, it would be costlier and more time consuming.  Maybe Haidut's is worth another try (if he has a non-ethanol version). Funny.  My only claim to being partially Italian is the claim itself (apart from my ancestors proving it): I don't think anyone would ever call me Italian by looking at me.  I like butter as well; even better than olive oil.  In most recipes, if I can use butter instead of oil, I'll do it.  But, right on cue, since I've started making banana bread, I've switched to coconut oil, and it is more moist.  From my limited experience, your mother is correct!  My understanding of olive oil is that you want a single source, cold pressed, and minimal time from harvesting, to manufacturing, to consumer.  This would eliminate, seemingly, as much potential for unwanted variables as possible.  It seems olive oil imported from outside the US is very subject to being something other than what is stated.  When I was researching this about a year or so ago, there were reports that the oils were not necessarily what was being claimed on the bottle, for non-US oils.  There were claims they were mixed (i.e., contaminated with lesser or other olive oils); and if not that, prolonged storage and transit was reducing the quality.  But, these days, who knows about the oils in the US.  My rule of thumb, is you do your best research, then just go with what you have have access to, and don't worry after that.  As for the 100% CA oil, it can be costly, but I only buy it on sale.  I normally use the Amazon brand, which is cheaper than the other popular, 100% CA brand (California Olive Ranch).  Olive oil is the one food item I consistently splurge on.  I splurge because of the potential rancidity of oils and other negative factors.  But, should my budget get even tighter, I'd simply buy a cheaper oil and not worry about it; though, always olive or coconut oil, not soy, canola, etc. It's worth adding, that even though the olive oil is a higher quality, it doesn't make the best tasting mayo, by itself. My understanding is that the blending breaks the fragile EVOO and makes it a bit bitter. I counter this by putting a little sugar in it.
  • Discussing pistol squats, concentric exercise, resting, and other forms of strength training.

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    T
    @alfredoolivas i eat under 3g of PUFA daily, ive been avoiding PUFA for long time so i think my fat is pretty much saturated fats atp. idk what is EFA ill look into it. im not doing low protein just 0.7-0.9g/lb protein. i will try out this stack that im going to do and report back here about my results but just looking for some additional info on what im doing or what else to do. Also what do u suggest i restrict my calories to?
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    NotShanalotteN
    @Verdad I didn't notice any, but she did. FWIW as I healed I had heart palpitations from nearly everything that has a healing effect, calcium, vitamin D, preg, progesterone, DHEA, the list goes on.
  • Sun exposure

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    I read somewhere that 15 minutes of direct mid-day sunlight on a patch of fair skin will produce maximum vitamin D, more doesn't accomplish anything. You can get hours of sun outside of tanning/burning hours though (10am-4pm during standard time, which is 11am-5pm during daylight savings time)
  • Grow oranges in the snow

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    LetTheRedeemedL
    @Cicero Yo thanks for bumping your post. this is the coolest ever. Composting is another unexpected way to generate serious heat for greenhouses https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjHIwabtqGo
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    cs3000C
    @Mauritio it gave them baseball nuts lol . reminds me of that study where they gave rodents a bacteria from an olympian and it gave them superpowers yeh proinflammatory as usual way for immune system to eliminate fungus according to op study. i tried reuteri a while back, think it was the strain that starts with 6 , took it with glucose. i wrote in notes "good to feed with glucose but lactose boosts reuterin production more". but i didnt notice any changes for energy mood or inflammation, but wasnt trying for low test specifically @tea nice the riboflavin checks out , great study https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9927497/ 1mg/kg i.p , shows it reduced a lot on the tongue and more in kidneys. i think u can absorb up to ~30mg orally [image: 1718019507648-9a07a302-7a25-4c80-8df1-8938d062102b-image.png] Interestingly it stopped the fungus transporting & processing carbs/sugar , pyruvate accumulated
  • Best source of thyroid in the Netherlands?

    thyroid hormone supplements
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  • Effect of endocrine disruptors on females?

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    Hando-JinH
    endometriosis and PCOS and very common now borderline personality disorders and similar pathological behaviors also seem to be becoming more common in women
  • Creatine and Ray Peat

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    @yerrag said in Creatine and Ray Peat: @mostlylurking I think (I have not been reading a lot lately so I could be wrong) that anaerobic glycolysis is wasteful of thiamine, and that thiamine mega dosing helps, but clearing the capillaries of obstruction to make oxygen available to the brain fully is the way to fixing Parkinson's. Thiamine megadosing helps by compensating for the inefficiency and wastefulness of anaerobic glycolysis. Hi yerrag, thanks for the link; I always value your insight. I read through your post and immediately thought of a Ray Peat audio when he discusses vitamin K2 for removing calcium in the circulatory system. I believe my own thiamine deficiency/functional blockage fall of 2020 derailed my calcium storage which usually means the calcium that is supposed to get stored in the bones gets stored in the soft tissue (including the blood vessels) instead. Peat related a story about a doctor he knew that used high dose K2 (40-50mgs?) to resolve his hypertension. Thiamine is needed for good oxidative metabolism. When it is deficient, the end product of the process is lactic acid instead of carbon dioxide. If things are working right, the carbon dioxide drags the calcium inside the cell out when the carbon dioxide exits the cell (from memory - A Peat explanation from somewhere). So it makes sense that calcium storage would get derailed in a thiamine deficiency. Here's a link or two: https://bioenergetic.life/?q=k2 The one with the story about the doctor high dosing the K is in there somewhere.... also this:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7926526/ Please note that vitamin D, needed for the immune system to work, also is responsible for making calcium get stored in the bones; in order to do this, there needs to be vitamin K available. So I think both D and K would be helpful.
  • topical ATP supplement helping me regrow hair

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    @wester130 In response to the man advising to use bio estro cream I think it works by causing vasodilation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilation There are better ways to increase vasodilation to the scalp
  • Sugar & Weight

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  • Do we need to develop better "bioenergetic food" supply chains?

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    yerragY
    @Hando-Jin I have lost track what really defines organic. It has mattered less with time, as the meaning keeps getting watered down. Trust in the system isn't there, and I wonder if I'm the bigger fool for paying a premium for someone:s ability to skirt past regulations to call what he sells me organic. It's simply better to know a farmer and for that to happen you have to go local. Organic certifications are just as useful as having a piece of paper certifying one as a doctor or a scientist. And they just do the bidding of their employing in falsifying science into a scam. Don't trust the system. Trust a person. Easy to say but hard to do in actuality because we don't make time to know. The pressures of every day life leave little room to roam your locale and meet the folks who work the soil and till the land. At the end of the day, I cross my fingers and hope I'm not taking in enough poison as I get my daily nutrients through food.
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    Very interesting, thank you for posting!
  • Improving OJ From Concentrate - Do This

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  • Coca-Cola and Energy drinks have graphene oxide.

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    @bio3nergetic said in Coca-Cola and Energy drinks have graphene oxide.: @noodlecat59 are we certain that's not hydrocarbons you're referring to? Nanoparticles are not part of a "normal" process like cooking. Nano anything is tech. Looking into this further, it seems nanoparticles can be made from cooking and they refer to them as carbon dots. However! We don't know if these specially found in coke are added, or occur from the process of making it. I suppose the only true way to control for this question is to analyze a 30 or 40 year old coke to compare lol. So this is an important distinction: the villainous industry IS adding nanoparticles to things, as preservatives, enhancement or to act as "nutrient vehicles" as the reductionist science/medical industry is so proud of. We cannot know for certain which particles we are dealing with here.
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  • Thyroxine & RT3 troubleshooting - what worked for you?

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    @cs3000 heat production is good for the most of the time, but still rt3 is building up, ill figure it out sonner or later, being patient is hard and take slow aproach to thing plus memory is short, this cortisol Supps iv been there multiple times and had same conclusion lol
  • what are the most dopaminergic things you tried?

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    ChudC
    redbull low dose cypro+bromo suntan music walking
  • White sugar and white tounge

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    @Samyo said in White sugar and white tounge: @mostlylurking You said magnesium too, should i stop milk with its high calcium then? I was on b1 before with no response No, if you tolerate milk OK, there's no reason to stop. Your body needs both calcium and magnesium.
  • Medikinet drug, whats the main mechanism?

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    @FitnessMikey Seens it primarily increases dopamine, (and norepinephrine a bit also) which would lower prolactin and serotonin (two stress related substances iirc). Alternatives... boost metabolism (mitochondria repair etc) boost dopamine lower serotonin and prolactin lower cortisol/ACTH/(estrogen?) aka anti-stress Some quotes on Medikinet: Medikinet is an extended-release methylphenidate medication, while Ritalin is a short-acting methylphenidate medication Methylphenidate primarily acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). Methylphenidate is a psychostimulant and increases the activity of the central nervous system through inhibition on reuptake of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine. Methylphenidate is most active at modulating levels of dopamine (DA) and to a lesser extent norepinephrine (NE). Methylphenidate binds to and blocks dopamine transporters (DAT) and norepinephrine transporters (NET).
  • Extremely hypothyroid after gluten/wheat?

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    R
    @xand you're a young sprout. Find out what foods irritate your gut and avoid them just like wheat. I'm sure you'll be fine
  • The starch question

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    EmiliaE
    @CO3 "Volkheimer found that mice fed raw starch aged at an abnormally fast rate, and when he dissected the starch-fed mice, he found a multitude of blocked arterioles in every organ, each of which caused the death of the cells that depended on the blood supplied by that arteriole. It isn't hard to see how this would affect the functions of organs such as the brain and heart, even without considering the immunological and other implications...." "Around 1988 I read Gerhard Volkheimer's persorption article, and after doing some experiments with tortillas and masa, I stopped eating all starch except for those, then eventually I stopped those. Besides grains of starch entering the blood stream, lymph, and cerebral spinal fluid, starch feeds bacteria, increasing endotoxin and serotonin. For people with really sensitive intestines or bad bacteria, starch should be zero.” ~Ray Peat PhD