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  • Scientific papers, books, blog posts. Discussion of whatever you find interesting and notable.

    715 Topics
    5k Posts
    AlphaZanceA
    It is intuitive to assume that double bonds make a molecule vulnerable to lipid peroxidation—after all, unsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes are the primary targets of oxidative damage. However, in tocotrienols, the unsaturated tail does not create this vulnerability because of where the antioxidant activity occurs and how its double bonds are structured. The Head Group (Chromanol Ring) Does the Antioxidant Work Vitamin E's capacity to halt lipid peroxidation resides entirely in its chromanol ring (the "head" of the molecule), not its hydrocarbon tail. A lipid peroxyl radical (LOO•) attacks cell membrane lipids. The phenolic hydroxyl group (-OH) on the chromanol ring donates a hydrogen atom to quench the radical: LOO• + Toc-OH -> LOOH + Toc-O• The resulting tocotrienoxyl radical (Toc-O•) is resonance-stabilized across the chromanol ring, rendering it too unreactive to continue the destructive oxidation chain reaction. Because hydrogen donation happens exclusively at the chromanol ring, the tail's saturation state does not alter the fundamental antioxidant mechanism. Isoprenoid Double Bonds vs. PUFA Double Bonds The main reason unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) like linoleic or arachidonic acid undergo rapid lipid peroxidation is the presence of bis-allylic methylene carbons—a single carbon with two hydrogen atoms situated directly between two double bonds (-CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-). The C–H bond on a bis-allylic carbon is exceptionally weak, making it easy for free radicals to steal a hydrogen and trigger auto-oxidation. Tocotrienols do not have bis-allylic carbons: Their tail consists of isoprenoid units where double bonds are separated by two single bonds (-CH=C(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH=C(CH3)-). Lacking bis-allylic hydrogens, the C–H bond strength in the tocotrienol tail remains high. Consequently, the isoprenoid tail is resistant to free radical abstraction under physiological conditions. The Unsaturated Tail Actually Improves Antioxidant Performance Rather than causing a conflict, the three double bonds in the isoprenoid tail give tocotrienols a significant biochemical advantage over saturated α-tocopherol: Superior Membrane Mobility: The double bonds introduce kinks that prevent tight packing within the phospholipid bilayer. This allows tocotrienols to rotate and laterally diffuse through membrane lipids up to 40 to 60 times faster than saturated tocopherols. Higher Collision Frequency: Because it moves much faster through the membrane, a single tocotrienol molecule collides with—and neutralizes—membrane lipid radicals far more frequently. Easier Recycling: The increased fluidity allows the chromanol head group to stay closer to the membrane-water interface, where cytosolic antioxidants (like Vitamin C and glutathione) can rapidly reduce the tocotrienoxyl radical back into its active antioxidant form. When we think of unsaturated fats going rancid (peroxidizing), we are usually thinking of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) like omega-3s or omega-6s. PUFAs contain "bis-allylic" methylene carbons—carbon atoms sitting directly between two cis-double bonds. The hydrogen atoms on these specific carbons are incredibly loosely bound and easily stolen by free radicals. In contrast, the unsaturated tail of a tocotrienol is an isoprenoid chain featuring trans-double bonds that lack these highly vulnerable bis-allylic positions. Therefore, the tail of a tocotrienol is chemically much more stable and resistant to free radical attacks than the membrane lipids it is trying to protect. Key Mechanisms in Liver Protection Tocotrienols target multiple pathways involved in liver cell damage and lipid accumulation: Mechanism Biological Target Clinical Outcome Antioxidant Action Quenches reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hepatocyte mitochondria Halts lipid peroxidation and protects cell membranes from oxidative damage. Lipid Regulation Downregulates HMG-CoA reductase (the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis) Helps suppress intrahepatic triglyceride synthesis and improve dyslipidemia. Anti-Inflammatory Suppresses NF-κB signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) Reduces hepatic inflammation and attenuates progression to steatohepatitis. Anti-Fibrotic Inhibits hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation Decreases collagen and extracellular matrix deposition, lowering liver stiffness. Clinical Evidence & Human Trials Clinical studies—primarily utilizing Bio-enhanced Palm Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction (TRF) or pure δ-tocotrienol—highlight several key therapeutic outcomes: Steatosis Remission: In double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of patients with ultrasound-proven fatty liver, 1 year of bio-enhanced tocotrienol supplementation led to a significant reduction in liver fat deposition, with up to 50% of treated individuals achieving full remission of MASLD/NAFLD. Reduction in Liver Stiffness: Transient elastography (FibroScan) measurements demonstrate that tocotrienols combined with lifestyle modifications reduce liver stiffness roughly 4 times more effectively than lifestyle modifications alone, indicating a slowing or reversal of early hepatic fibrosis. Enzyme & Biomarker Improvement: Supplementation consistently lowers elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, along with reducing systemic markers of oxidative stress such as malondialdehyde. Support in Advanced Liver Failure: In patients with end-stage liver disease, tocotrienol complex administration showed positive trends in improving Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores compared to standard α-tocopherol. Dietary Sources & Bioavailability Tocotrienols occur naturally in specific plant matrices: Annatto seeds: Composed almost exclusively of δ-tocotrienols and γ-tocotrienols (tocopherol-free). Palm oil: Rich in a natural mix of α-, γ-, and δ-tocotrienols alongside α-tocopherol. Rice bran & Barley oil: Contain moderate concentrations of tocotrienol isomers. Because raw tocotrienols have variable intestinal absorption when taken on an empty stomach, clinical studies typically use bio-enhanced (self-emulsifying) formulations or advise taking supplements alongside fat-containing meals to optimize systemic bioavailability and hepatic uptake.
  • Websites, newsletters, articles, podcasts, interviews, explainers, books, and other resources that relate to the work of Dr. Raymond Peat.

    62 Topics
    703 Posts
    C
    Cancer Treatments – from Research to Application MCS Foundations for Life, In memory of my dear wife Mihaela Catalina Stanciu https://www.cancertreatmentsresearch.com/ https://jeffreydachmd.com/cancer-articles/
  • Do you have a question? You can post it here, but you will only receive unqualified personal opinions and NOT medical advice in any shape or form. If something seems like medical advice but it's posted in this category, it's actually a personal opinion.

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    LucHL
    *) Additional info Vit E: sparing effect and recycling (In French; translator needed) http://mirzoune-ciboulette.forumactif.org/t30-vitamine-e-plus-qu-une-vitamine#60 "Vitamin C regenerates vitamin E, and vitamin E protects β-carotene—a process aided by polyphenols. With β-carotene supplementation, vitamin C regenerates both vitamin E and β-carotene, and β-carotene appears to protect vitamin E, although the actual mechanism behind this phenomenon remains unexplained." Savings effect Vitamin E is not just a vitamin. Vitamin C makes it possible to recycle oxidized vitamin E and thus prolong its lifespan. The same goes with glutathione which is thus saved for other more useful functions (detox). Glutathion is our antioxidant master. Vitamin E protects against the deleterious effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids when the latter are excess. And this is quickly done! English corner: How Does Vit E Regulate Redox interactions? Breaking the ROS chain-reaction from PUFA https://mirzoune-ciboulette.forumactif.org/t2081-english-corner-how-does-vit-e-regulate-redox-interactions#29973 RP advised 100 UI Vit E (+/ 150 mg) though our requirement increases with age, as our tissue iron stores increase… Since vitamin E has a half-life of about 48 hours, it could be advisable to take 75 IU - 100 IU orally when there suspicion of Sars-Cov-2. This study also found that alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) was about 100-fold more potent/effective than Remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses! https://www.news-medical.net/news/20210715/Water-soluble-vitamin-E-compounds-directly-inhibit-SARS-CoV-2-replication-and-synergize-with-remdesivir.aspx NB: vitamin E appear to be one of the substances having the ability to inhibit the proliferation / replication as well as the infection once it has already occurred. So do zinc, glycine, naringening, quinine and vitamin D. Too much of a good thing is bad There no real danger with high dose vitamin E. But high repeated doses of vitamin E inhibit platelet aggregation. Need to be compensate with K1. Not taken at the same meal (transporters). Alpha-tocopherol is preferably stocked in the liver. (Kayden and Traber, 1993; Traber et al., 1990). Every 72 hours would be fine with 400 UI (at least 2 toco). 20-25 UI are needed per day, according to Chris Masterjohn. Note: As the mechanism by which phylloquinone (K1) is converted to K2 MK-4 is unknown, we cannot readily speculate how vitamin E supplementation influences the concentrations of these forms of vitamin K in extrahepatic tissue. While it is plausible that less MK-4 is produced because vitamin E supplementation reduces phylloquinone as a substrate in the extrahepatic tissue, vitamin E may also decrease MK-4 concentrations independently of phylloquinone. NB: Vit E and K use the same transporter. So don’t take these supplements at the same time. More info on Vit E https://mirzoune-ciboulette.forumactif.org/t30-vitamine-e-plus-qu-une-vitamine#60 Excerpt 1 (translator needed, in French): Most studies show a beginning of preventive efficiency at doses of 100 IU /d in degenerative diseases. Braking of oxidative stress which is underlying the phenomena of senescence and the appearance of all degenerative pathologies: cardiovascular, cancers, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, presbyacousis, cataract, macular degeneration, Parkinson and Alzheimer's diseases, etc… Excerpt 2: Optimal contribution, without pathology, if under 40 years old: 100 IU per day. Contribution in case of supplementation in polyunsaturated fatty acids 100 IU per gram of EPA. - Therapeutic contribution: 400 - 500 IU every 5 days. Mg/ UI conversion: 100 mg = 150 IU. Personally, it’s 400 UI mixed toco every 3 days (+/ twice a week). 3x if inflammation. Now Foods – E 400 – with mixed tocopherols. Softgels. + Once a week K1 (mix K1 and K2). Vit K2 MK7 must be encapsulated (oxidation).
  • From medical devices to supplements. Red lights, CO2 tanks, large trash bags, kuinone, and more.

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    T
    How do I take thyroid anyone have a guide on dosing and such? also what form of thyroid to take and im looking to take thyroid to increase my metabolic rate as much as possible through various methods and i want to start taking t3, i will take it with b1 current supplements and drug stack testosterone anastrozole thiamine vitamin d3 and k2 glycine magnesium glycinate
  • Recipes, food, meal prep, brands. Discuss them all here.

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    MossyM
    @Jennifer You're welcome.  I can't help but reference these authors that have been such an influence on my me.  I stress again, I know everyone is different, in that the paths we've been on have us favoring different voices and styles, though I believe truth is truth, which survives above style and preference.  At the least, a truth discovered, even from an author who is not preferred, could lead us deeper into a subject, searching out an author we do prefer, who speaks to us better.  I do like archive.org.  I used to use them quite a bit, but then I got spoiled with how cheap some ebooks have become, and how the formatting allows for ease of use.  But, I will give this to the PDF format, you get the images of the original pages of books, which gives you some of that physical book quality, which can't be replicated in a full digital format.  I actually used to prefer the PDF for this reason, but now I can't resist the ease of full digital format.  Though, I will still go to archive.org for books not yet available as an ebook. Your religious history is very common, having touched upon various aspects of Faith through family, and educational institutions.  That's all of us, really; which is Lewis's story as well, until he became fully immersed. I do like the Alexandre brand very much.  I think there is hardly a better brand available for dairy, at least at a chain store.  Kalona is a good brand too, but like Alexandre, expensive.  Okay, so Nounos is cheaper, comparatively. So, you were basically making Greek yogurt from the regular versions, by straining it?  I never thought to do that, but can definitely see how that is costly. Yeah, stress is brutal on our health.  I can see how your mother's passing was hard.  Interesting, but kind of understandable, how plant-based foods were hard on your thyroid. When I was at my worst, raw foods were hard on me.  Maybe my correlation is off, but the strong natural defenses of plants, and especially with raw, seem the culprit.  Though, even as I type this, I remember raw juices made me feel good.  Maybe the juicing broke down those defenses.  This is my bro-science ...something worked by juicing them!  I have tried olive oil based D3.  A very lean version, with the only ingredient listed besides the D3 (cholecalciferol) being olive oil.  And strangely, I still had issues with it.  I've tried so many different versions. I forget which was the most temporarily tolerable — which is the only possible scenario for me.  I can take nothing long term, and I really can't remember a vitamin D supplement that didn't make me sick for at least a week...haha.  Funny stuff.  I may go back to putting mushrooms out in the sun, but there isn't really a way to know the true potency, though it would still be more than I'm getting.  Most of all, though, it would be costlier and more time consuming.  Maybe Haidut's is worth another try (if he has a non-ethanol version). Funny.  My only claim to being partially Italian is the claim itself (apart from my ancestors proving it): I don't think anyone would ever call me Italian by looking at me.  I like butter as well; even better than olive oil.  In most recipes, if I can use butter instead of oil, I'll do it.  But, right on cue, since I've started making banana bread, I've switched to coconut oil, and it is more moist.  From my limited experience, your mother is correct!  My understanding of olive oil is that you want a single source, cold pressed, and minimal time from harvesting, to manufacturing, to consumer.  This would eliminate, seemingly, as much potential for unwanted variables as possible.  It seems olive oil imported from outside the US is very subject to being something other than what is stated.  When I was researching this about a year or so ago, there were reports that the oils were not necessarily what was being claimed on the bottle, for non-US oils.  There were claims they were mixed (i.e., contaminated with lesser or other olive oils); and if not that, prolonged storage and transit was reducing the quality.  But, these days, who knows about the oils in the US.  My rule of thumb, is you do your best research, then just go with what you have have access to, and don't worry after that.  As for the 100% CA oil, it can be costly, but I only buy it on sale.  I normally use the Amazon brand, which is cheaper than the other popular, 100% CA brand (California Olive Ranch).  Olive oil is the one food item I consistently splurge on.  I splurge because of the potential rancidity of oils and other negative factors.  But, should my budget get even tighter, I'd simply buy a cheaper oil and not worry about it; though, always olive or coconut oil, not soy, canola, etc. It's worth adding, that even though the olive oil is a higher quality, it doesn't make the best tasting mayo, by itself. My understanding is that the blending breaks the fragile EVOO and makes it a bit bitter. I counter this by putting a little sugar in it.
  • Discussing pistol squats, concentric exercise, resting, and other forms of strength training.

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    T
    @alfredoolivas i eat under 3g of PUFA daily, ive been avoiding PUFA for long time so i think my fat is pretty much saturated fats atp. idk what is EFA ill look into it. im not doing low protein just 0.7-0.9g/lb protein. i will try out this stack that im going to do and report back here about my results but just looking for some additional info on what im doing or what else to do. Also what do u suggest i restrict my calories to?
  • whats your opinion on taking kefir?

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    yerragY
    @RawGoatMilk88 That one is good. Mike Fave recommended that to me as well.
  • Share positive experiences with eating liver

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    serotoninskepticS
    @yerrag Haha thats a funny dtory I hope its true
  • T3 vs Aspirin (for fatigue)

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    serotoninskepticS
    @James T3 works better for fatigue in my experience. Aspirin doesnt have notable effects on my energy
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    serotoninskepticS
    @the-MOUSE Lundberg's Basmati White Rice tests the lowest in arsenic. White rice is your best bet for grains
  • How should serotonin depletion feel like?

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    Also I remember reading something about how tyrosine is converted to dopamine (which will drop serotonin) when sunlight is directed at the scalp so get some sun to improve your results.
  • Milk fat

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    @RawGoatMilk88 In what way is skim milk nutritionally devoid? It doesn't contain much in terms of fat soluble vitamins but it still has plenty of b12, b2, calcium, ect and is a good protein source
  • friends, what do you think about Methyluracil?

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  • Dairy folate

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    @RawGoatMilk88 Yes so I’ve heard with A2. Unfortunately that isn’t widely available in my country but thanks for the tips. I have a source for a non-homogenised milk I may start getting but I’m starting to think milk of any kind is a net benefit when drank at the correct time and not totally haphazardly.
  • Dr. Broda Barnes vs. Mainstream Medicine

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    ?
    @splithead_ said in Dr. Broda Barnes vs. Mainstream Medicine: I just finished Hypothyroidism by Dr. Broda Barnes and I've found it convincing, but almost too good to be true. A major claim like "94% of those who...should have been candidates for heart attacks during the study were protected from them by thyroid therapy," across a 1500 person sample, seems shockingly high and worthy of much more research. My question is then, with such a massive success rate, why haven't these therapies been explored further by mainstream medicine? As stated in the book, they are much cheaper than the standard treatments, but that can't be the only reason, can it? Forgive me if this has been answered elsewhere or is a dumb question. Still new to this. Spend a little time over on the American Thyroid Association's website for clarification of the situation. Since you've already read Broda Barnes' book, compare and contrast the rational logic in it with the outright criminality of the ATA's dogmatic position (delineated here). The ATA has a stranglehold on treatment for hypothyroidism. The ATA's position is taken as the incontestable TRUTH by the American Medical Association and any doctor not kowtowing to this holy grail will be subject to license revocation. My new GP has informed me that I am not hypothyroid because my TSH is below .01 and he intends to revoke my prescription desiccated thyroid medication just as soon as my 83 year old endocrinologist retires. The prior 5-6 doctors over the past 50 years were also mistaken, you see. This GP thinks the ATA is the brilliant distributor of sanctified TRUTH; I think they are a criminal enterprise and should be RICOed. Ray Peat explained it here: https://raypeat.com/articles/articles/thyroid.shtml Since the American Heart Association is still promoting polyunsaturated fats as "heart healthy", I'm pretty sure they are active participants in this ongoing organized crime. Making people healthy has never been the goal.
  • Period Cramps remedies for my gf

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    JenniferJ
    @raytreats said in Period Cramps remedies for my gf: Her period cramps are terrible, had to leave work early today after vomiting. She can't have dairy and Progest-e makes her very suspicious. Any other recommendations? Has she tried the carrot salad or maybe Vitex to balance her hormones? Also, if you don’t mind, can you share what her diet looks like? Diet can greatly affect our cycle so perhaps tweaking her diet will resolve her PMS.
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    @wrl Thanks!
  • Dht Vs 11 keto Dht Vs Dht Derivitaives

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    @InTheMorning pansterone in tocopherosl feels much better
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    KvirionK
    @Crypt-Keeper Hey, GABA should have a delicate (seesaw) balance with dopamine. You can raise dopamine (and lower GABA) with L-Tyrosine, white coffee, OJ, and B vitamins like B1/sulbutiamine and B6-P5P, or Aspirin or T3/DHT. Also with emodin, inosine, Tribulus Terrestris or [image: 1726326851376-d2dd55f0-8b07-4f08-acea-2dc094e49563-image.png]
  • Chris Masterjohn Substack

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    @LucH Thanks for the great info!
  • white button mushrooms

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    @happyhanneke lid off for the toxins to evaporate
  • DHT with test?

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    @Bye4ever hahah ok buddy
  • My Experience With Different Carb Sources

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    yerragY
    @wrl said in My Experience With Different Carb Sources: @yerrag said in My Experience With Different Carb Sources: eating a lot of white sugar Aside from purity and sucrose content, what is the benefit of white sugar over other more "whole" sources such as molasses, rapadura (whole cane sugar) or other similar black/brown sources of sugar? Particularly in terms of the nutrients (vitamins, minerals, salicylates, polyphenols etc) which might be useful for supporting the respiration process amongst other things? It's hard to find a good reason to go with white sugar, except for the same reason that many chefs prefer the farm raised antibiotic-laced catfish, pangasius aka cream dory, from Vietnam and Thailand - a neutral taste (but I use a lot of muscovado sugar as well as it has a raw candy taste. When I was visiting my granny in the province back in the day, my granny was using white sugar and I would often go to the maids' area as I enjoyed the dark reddish brown sugar they used. It was the best candy I could find anywhere, especially when they are lumped together like a rock. Back then, processed sugar sold at a premium.) Just like it is with white rice over brown rice. Though brown rice has its benefits with more fiber and nutrients, and for many, many years I ate brown rice, I went back to white because I enjoy it way more. I came back to white rice when I realized my blood sugar become excellent, after going cold turkey on PUFAs for 4-5 years. There is no harm in using white rice and white sugar, when the nutrients I am missing out on in using brown sugar and brown rice are being met by other sources in a nutritionally knowledgeably sufficient eating lifestyle. And I make sure of that by relying a lot more on whole foods and from eating a variety from nature's bounty. Living in an archipelago with plenty of wild caught seafood, I am able to compensate also for eating the nutrient and health deficient livestock we eat (aka factory farms of chicken and pigs that die easily from bird and swine flu). We are what we eat as the saying goes
  • Protein Tier List

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  • sprats warm me up, my hands and feet are burning!

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    Sodium, protein and an unusual lipid profile. Probably.
  • Sleepy after coffee

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    I can get tired when I drink coffee at night. It probably has to do something with the reduction of stress hormones